Abstract

As grid-forming (GFM) battery energy storage systems (BESS) are increasingly deployed to enhance power system inertial response and frequency stability, incorporating their frequency support capabilities into day-ahead energy scheduling (DAES) is essential for achieving both frequency security and operational efficiency. However, accurately determining frequency metrics in grids with coexisting GFM inverters and synchronous generators requires electromagnetic transient (EMT) simulations, which are computationally prohibitive for direct embedding in grid operational optimization models. To bridge the gap between modeling accuracy and computational efficiency, a learning-assisted DAES (LA-DAES) framework is proposed in this work. By leveraging a surrogate model to represent the frequency support dynamics of GFM BESS, the proposed framework ensures frequency security with a reasonable solve time. Comparative results demonstrate that, relative to analytical frequency-constrained DAES, the proposed LA-DAES framework more accurately captures grid frequency metrics and improves the utilization of GFM BESS.

Index Terms

Battery energy storage system, day-ahead scheduling, frequency stability, grid-forming inverter, renewable energy, synchronous generators, unit commitment.

Cite this paper:

Fan Jiang and Xingpeng Li, “Learning-Assisted Day-Ahead Energy Scheduling for Frequency-Secure Inverter-Dominated Grids with Grid-Forming Battery Energy Storage Systems”, IEEE IAS Annual Meeting, Vancouver, Canada, Oct. 2026.